Khanh: /* Derivatives of hyperbolic functions */

2022-01-12T20:35:57Z

Derivatives of hyperbolic functions

Khanh at 20:35, 12 January 2022

2022-01-12T20:35:00Z

Khanh: /* Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions */

2022-01-12T20:31:31Z

Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions

Khanh: Created page with "This is a summary of '''differentiation rules''', that is, rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus. == Elementary rules of differentiation == Unless oth..."

2022-01-12T20:28:18Z

Created page with "This is a summary of '''differentiation rules''', that is, rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus. == Elementary rules of differentiation == Unless oth..."

New page

This is a summary of '''differentiation rules''', that is, rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus.

== Elementary rules of differentiation ==

Unless otherwise stated, all functions are functions of real numbers ('''R''') that return real values; although more generally, the formulae below apply wherever they are well defined — including the case of complex numbers ('''C''').

===Differentiation is linear===

For any functions <math>f</math> and <math>g</math> and any real numbers <math>a</math> and <math>b</math>, the derivative of the function <math>h(x) = af(x) + bg(x)</math> with respect to <math>x</math> is

:<math> h'(x) = a f'(x) + b g'(x).</math>

In Leibniz's notation this is written as:

:<math> \frac{d(af+bg)}{dx} = a\frac{df}{dx} +b\frac{dg}{dx}.</math>

Special cases include:

* ''The ''constant factor rule''
:<math>(af)' = af' </math>
* ''The ''sum rule''
:<math>(f + g)' = f' + g'</math>
* ''The subtraction rule''
:<math>(f - g)' = f' - g'.</math>

===The product rule===

For the functions ''f'' and ''g'', the derivative of the function ''h''(''x'') = ''f''(''x'') ''g''(''x'') with respect to ''x'' is
:<math> h'(x) = (fg)'(x) = f'(x) g(x) + f(x) g'(x).</math>
In Leibniz's notation this is written
:<math>\frac{d(fg)}{dx} = \frac{df}{dx} g + f \frac{dg}{dx}.</math>

===The chain rule===

The derivative of the function <math>h(x) = f(g(x))</math> is

:<math> h'(x) = f'(g(x))\cdot g'(x).</math>

In Leibniz's notation, this is written as:

:<math>\frac{d}{dx}h(x) = \frac{d}{dz}f(z)|_{z=g(x)}\cdot \frac{d}{dx}g(x),</math>

often abridged to

:<math>\frac{dh(x)}{dx} = \frac{df(g(x))}{dg(x)}\cdot \frac{dg(x)}{dx}.</math>

Focusing on the notion of maps, and the differential being a map <math>\text{D}</math>, this is written in a more concise way as:

:<math> [\text{D} (f\circ g)]_x = [\text{D} f]_{g(x)} \cdot [\text{D}g]_x\,.</math>

===The inverse function rule===

If the function {{Mvar|f}} has an inverse function {{Mvar|g}}, meaning that <math>g(f(x))=x</math> and <math>f(g(y))=y,</math> then

:<math>g' = \frac{1}{f'\circ g}.</math>

In Leibniz notation, this is written as
:<math> \frac{dx}{dy} = \frac{1}{\frac{dy}{dx}}.</math>

==Power laws, polynomials, quotients, and reciprocals==
===The polynomial or elementary power rule===

If <math>f(x) = x^r</math>, for any real number <math>r \neq 0,</math> then
:<math>f'(x) = rx^{r-1}.</math>

When <math>r = 1,</math> this becomes the special case that if <math>f(x) = x,</math> then <math>f'(x) = 1.</math>

Combining the power rule with the sum and constant multiple rules permits the computation of the derivative of any polynomial.

===The reciprocal rule===

The derivative of <math>h(x)=\frac{1}{f(x)}</math>for any (nonvanishing) function ''{{Mvar|f}}'' is:

:<math> h'(x) = -\frac{f'(x)}{(f(x))^2}</math> wherever ''{{Mvar|f}}'' is non-zero.

In Leibniz's notation, this is written

:<math> \frac{d(1/f)}{dx} = -\frac{1}{f^2}\frac{df}{dx}.</math>

The reciprocal rule can be derived either from the quotient rule, or from the combination of power rule and chain rule.

===The quotient rule===
If ''{{Mvar|f}}'' and ''{{Mvar|g}}'' are functions, then:
:<math>\left(\frac{f}{g}\right)' = \frac{f'g - g'f}{g^2}\quad</math> wherever ''{{Mvar|g}}'' is nonzero.

This can be derived from the product rule and the reciprocal rule.

===Generalized power rule===

The elementary power rule generalizes considerably. The most general power rule is the '''functional power rule''': for any functions ''{{Mvar|f}}'' and ''{{Mvar|g}}'',

:<math>(f^g)' = \left(e^{g\ln f}\right)' = f^g\left(f'{g \over f} + g'\ln f\right),\quad</math>
wherever both sides are well defined.

Special cases
* If <math display="inline">f(x)=x^a\!</math>, then <math display="inline">f'(x)=ax^{a-1}</math>when ''{{Mvar|a}}'' is any non-zero real number and ''{{Mvar|x}}'' is positive.
* The reciprocal rule may be derived as the special case where <math display="inline">g(x)=-1\!</math>.

== Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions ==

:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left(c^{ax}\right) = {ac^{ax} \ln c } ,\qquad c > 0</math>
the equation above is true for all {{Mvar|c}}, but the derivative for <math display="inline">c<0</math> yields a complex number.

:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left(e^{ax}\right) = ae^{ax}</math>

:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( \log_c x\right) = {1 \over x \ln c} , \qquad c > 1</math>

the equation above is also true for all ''{{Mvar|c}}'', but yields a complex number if <math display="inline">c<0\!</math>.

:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( \ln x\right) = {1 \over x} ,\qquad x > 0.</math>

:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( \ln |x|\right) = {1 \over x} ,\qquad x \neq 0.</math>

:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( W(x)\right) = {1 \over {x+e^{W(x)}}} ,\qquad x > -{1 \over e}.\qquad</math>where <math>W(x)</math> is the [[Lambert W function]]

:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( x^x \right) = x^x(1+\ln x).</math>

:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( f(x)^{ g(x) } \right ) = g(x)f(x)^{g(x)-1} \frac{df}{dx} + f(x)^{g(x)}\ln{( f(x) )}\frac{dg}{dx}, \qquad \text{if }f(x) > 0, \text{ and if } \frac{df}{dx} \text{ and } \frac{dg}{dx} \text{ exist.}</math>

:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( f_{1}(x)^{f_{2}(x)^{\left ( ... \right )^{f_{n}(x)}}} \right ) = \left [\sum\limits_{k=1}^{n} \frac{\partial }{\partial x_{k}} \left( f_{1}(x_1)^{f_{2}(x_2)^{\left ( ... \right )^{f_{n}(x_n)}}} \right ) \right ] \biggr\vert_{x_1 = x_2 = ... =x_n = x}, \text{ if } f_{i<n}(x) > 0 \text{ and }</math> <math> \frac{df_{i}}{dx} \text{ exists. }</math>

===Logarithmic derivatives===

The logarithmic derivative is another way of stating the rule for differentiating the logarithm of a function (using the chain rule):
:<math> (\ln f)'= \frac{f'}{f} \quad</math> wherever ''{{Mvar|f}}'' is positive.

Logarithmic differentiation is a technique which uses logarithms and its differentiation rules to simplify certain expressions before actually applying the derivative.

Logarithms can be used to remove exponents, convert products into sums, and convert division into subtraction — each of which may lead to a simplified expression for taking derivatives.

== Derivatives of trigonometric functions ==

{| style="width:100%; background:transparent; margin-left:2em;"
|width=50%|<math> (\sin x)' = \cos x = \frac{e^{ix} +
e^{-ix}}{2} </math>
|width=50%|<math> (\arcsin x)' = { 1 \over \sqrt{1 - x^2}} </math>
|-
|<math> (\cos x)' = -\sin x = \frac{e^{-ix} -
e^{ix}}{2i} </math>
|<math> (\arccos x)' = -{1 \over \sqrt{1 - x^2}} </math>
|-
|<math> (\tan x)' = \sec^2 x = { 1 \over \cos^2 x} = 1 + \tan^2 x </math>
|<math> (\arctan x)' = { 1 \over 1 + x^2} </math>
|-
|<math> (\cot x)' = -\csc^2 x = -{ 1 \over \sin^2 x} = -1 - \cot^2 x</math>
|<math> (\operatorname{arccot} x)' = {1 \over -1 - x^2} </math>
|-
|<math> (\sec x)' = \sec{x}\tan{x} </math>
|<math> (\operatorname{arcsec} x)' = { 1 \over |x|\sqrt{x^2 - 1}} </math>
|-
|<math> (\csc x)' = -\csc{x}\cot{x} </math>
|<math> (\operatorname{arccsc} x)' = -{1 \over |x|\sqrt{x^2 - 1}} </math>
|}
The derivatives in the table above is for when the range of the inverse secant is <math>[0,\pi]\!</math> and when the range of the inverse cosecant is <math>\left[-\frac{\pi}{2},\frac{\pi}{2}\right]\!</math>.

It is common to additionally define an inverse tangent function with two arguments, <math>\arctan(y,x)\!</math>. Its value lies in the range <math>[-\pi,\pi]\!</math> and reflects the quadrant of the point <math>(x,y)\!</math>. For the first and fourth quadrant (i.e. <math>x > 0\!</math>) one has <math>\arctan(y, x>0) = \arctan(y/x)\!</math>. Its partial derivatives are
{| style="width:100%; background:transparent; margin-left:2em;"
| width="100%" |<math> \frac{\partial \arctan(y,x)}{\partial y} = \frac{x}{x^2 + y^2}</math>, and <math> \frac{\partial \arctan(y,x)}{\partial x} = \frac{-y}{x^2 + y^2}.</math>
|}

==Derivatives of hyperbolic functions==
{| style="width:100%; background:transparent; margin-left:2em;"
|width=50%|<math>( \sinh x )'= \cosh x = \frac{e^x +
e^{-x}}{2}</math>
| width="50%" |<math>(\operatorname{arsinh}x)' = { 1 \over \sqrt{1 + x^2}}</math>
|-
|<math>(\cosh x )'= \sinh x = \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{2}</math>
|<math>(\operatorname{arcosh}x)' = {\frac {1}{\sqrt{x^2-1}}}</math>
|-
|<math>(\tanh x )'= {\operatorname{sech}^2x} = { 1 \over \cosh^2 x} = 1 - \tanh^2 x</math>
|<math>(\operatorname{artanh}x)' = { 1 \over 1 - x^2}</math>
|-
|<math>(\coth x )' = -\operatorname{csch}^2x = -{ 1 \over \sinh^2 x} = 1 - \coth^2 x</math>
|<math>(\operatorname{arcoth}x)' = { 1 \over 1 - x^2}</math>
|-
|<math>(\operatorname{sech} x)' = -\operatorname{sech}{x}\tanh{x}</math>
|<math>(\operatorname{arsech}x)' = -{1 \over x\sqrt{1 - x^2}}</math>
|-
|<math>(\operatorname{csch}x)' = -\operatorname{csch}{x}\coth{x}</math>
|<math>(\operatorname{arcsch}x)' = -{1 \over |x|\sqrt{1 + x^2}}</math>
|}
See [[Hyperbolic functions#Derivatives|Hyperbolic functions]] for restrictions on these derivatives.

==Derivatives of special functions==
{| style="width:100%; background:transparent; margin-left:2em;"
|width=80%|
;[[Gamma function]] <math>\quad \Gamma(x) = \int_0^\infty t^{x-1} e^{-t}\, dt</math>
:<math>\Gamma'(x) = \int_0^\infty t^{x-1} e^{-t} \ln t\,dt</math>
::: <math>\, = \Gamma(x) \left(\sum_{n=1}^\infty \left(\ln\left(1 + \dfrac{1}{n}\right) - \dfrac{1}{x + n}\right) - \dfrac{1}{x}\right)</math>
::: <math>\, = \Gamma(x) \psi(x)</math>
with <math>\psi(x)</math> being the [[digamma function]], expressed by the parenthesized expression to the right of <math>\Gamma(x)</math> in the line above.
|width=50%|
|}
{| style="width:100%; background:transparent; margin-left:2em;"
|width=50%|
;[[Riemann Zeta function]]<math>\quad\zeta(x) =\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n^x}</math>
:<math>\zeta'(x) = -\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\ln n}{n^x}
=-\frac{\ln 2}{2^x} - \frac{\ln 3}{3^x} - \frac{\ln 4}{4^x} - \cdots
</math>

::: <math>\, = -\sum_{p \text{ prime}} \frac{p^{-x} \ln p}{(1-p^{-x})^2}\prod_{q \text{ prime}, q \neq p} \frac{1}{1-q^{-x}} </math>
|}

==Derivatives of integrals==

Suppose that it is required to differentiate with respect to ''x'' the function

:<math>F(x)=\int_{a(x)}^{b(x)}f(x,t)\,dt,</math>

where the functions <math>f(x,t)</math> and <math>\frac{\partial}{\partial x}\,f(x,t)</math> are both continuous in both <math>t</math> and <math>x</math> in some region of the <math>(t,x)</math> plane, including <math>a(x)\leq t\leq b(x),</math> <math>x_0\leq x\leq x_1</math>, and the functions <math>a(x)</math> and <math>b(x)</math> are both continuous and both have continuous derivatives for <math>x_0\leq x\leq x_1</math>. Then for <math>\,x_0\leq x\leq x_1</math>:

:<math> F'(x) = f(x,b(x))\,b'(x) - f(x,a(x))\,a'(x) + \int_{a(x)}^{b(x)} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\, f(x,t)\; dt\,. </math>

This formula is the general form of the [[Leibniz integral rule]] and can be derived using the
[[fundamental theorem of calculus]].

==Derivatives to ''n''th order==
Some rules exist for computing the {{Mvar|n}}''-''th derivative of functions, where ''{{Mvar|n}}'' is a positive integer. These include:

===Faà di Bruno's formula===
If ''{{Mvar|f}}'' and ''{{Mvar|g}}'' are ''{{Mvar|n}}''-times differentiable, then

:<math> \frac{d^n}{d x^n} [f(g(x))]= n! \sum_{\{k_m\}}^{} f^{(r)}(g(x)) \prod_{m=1}^n \frac{1}{k_m!} \left(g^{(m)}(x) \right)^{k_m}</math>

where <math> r = \sum_{m=1}^{n-1} k_m</math> and the set <math> \{k_m\}</math> consists of all non-negative integer solutions of the Diophantine equation <math> \sum_{m=1}^{n} m k_m = n</math>.

===General Leibniz rule===
If ''{{Mvar|f}}'' and ''{{Mvar|g}}'' are ''{{Mvar|n}}''-times differentiable, then

:<math> \frac{d^n}{dx^n}[f(x)g(x)] = \sum_{k=0}^{n} \binom{n}{k} \frac{d^{n-k}}{d x^{n-k}} f(x) \frac{d^k}{d x^k} g(x)</math>

== Licensing ==
Content obtained and/or adapted from:
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differentiation_rules Differentiation rules, Wikipedia] under a CC BY-SA license

@@ Line 180: / Line 180: @@
 |<math>(\operatorname{arcsch}x)' = -{1 \over |x|\sqrt{1 + x^2}}</math>
 |}
-See [[Hyperbolic functions#Derivatives|Hyperbolic functions]] for restrictions on these derivatives.
+See Hyperbolic functions for restrictions on these derivatives.
 ==Derivatives of special functions==

@@ Line 185: / Line 185: @@
 {| style="width:100%; background:transparent; margin-left:2em;"
 |width=80%|
-;[[Gamma function]] <math>\quad \Gamma(x) = \int_0^\infty  t^{x-1} e^{-t}\, dt</math>
+;Gamma function <math>\quad \Gamma(x) = \int_0^\infty  t^{x-1} e^{-t}\, dt</math>
 :<math>\Gamma'(x) = \int_0^\infty t^{x-1} e^{-t} \ln t\,dt</math>
 ::: <math>\, = \Gamma(x) \left(\sum_{n=1}^\infty \left(\ln\left(1 + \dfrac{1}{n}\right) - \dfrac{1}{x + n}\right) - \dfrac{1}{x}\right)</math>
 ::: <math>\, = \Gamma(x) \psi(x)</math>
-with <math>\psi(x)</math> being the [[digamma function]], expressed by the parenthesized expression to the right of <math>\Gamma(x)</math> in the line above.
+with <math>\psi(x)</math> being the digamma function, expressed by the parenthesized expression to the right of <math>\Gamma(x)</math> in the line above.
 |width=50%|
 |}
 {| style="width:100%; background:transparent; margin-left:2em;"
 |width=50%|
-;[[Riemann Zeta function]]<math>\quad\zeta(x) =\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n^x}</math>
+;Riemann Zeta function<math>\quad\zeta(x) =\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{1}{n^x}</math>
 :<math>\zeta'(x) = -\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{\ln n}{n^x}
 =-\frac{\ln 2}{2^x} - \frac{\ln 3}{3^x} - \frac{\ln 4}{4^x} - \cdots
@@ Line 212: / Line 212: @@
 :<math> F'(x) = f(x,b(x))\,b'(x) - f(x,a(x))\,a'(x) + \int_{a(x)}^{b(x)} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}\, f(x,t)\; dt\,. </math>
-This formula is the general form of the [[Leibniz integral rule]] and can be derived using the
+This formula is the general form of the Leibniz integral rule and can be derived using the fundamental theorem of calculus.
 ==Derivatives to ''n''th order==

@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 :<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( \ln |x|\right) = {1 \over x} ,\qquad x \neq 0.</math>
-:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( W(x)\right) = {1 \over {x+e^{W(x)}}} ,\qquad x > -{1 \over e}.\qquad</math>where <math>W(x)</math> is the [[Lambert W function]]
+:<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( W(x)\right) = {1 \over {x+e^{W(x)}}} ,\qquad x > -{1 \over e}.\qquad</math>where <math>W(x)</math> is the Lambert W function
 :<math> \frac{d}{dx}\left( x^x \right) = x^x(1+\ln x).</math>
@@ Line 128: / Line 128: @@
 Logarithms can be used to remove exponents, convert products into sums, and convert division into subtraction — each of which may lead to a simplified expression for taking derivatives.
 == Derivatives of trigonometric functions ==

Derivative Properties - Revision history

Khanh: /* Derivatives of hyperbolic functions */

Khanh at 20:35, 12 January 2022

Khanh: /* Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions */

Khanh: Created page with "This is a summary of '''differentiation rules''', that is, rules for computing the derivative of a function in calculus. == Elementary rules of differentiation == Unless oth..."