Lila: /* Licensing */

2021-11-16T19:43:18Z

Licensing

Lila at 19:37, 16 November 2021

2021-11-16T19:37:12Z

Show changes

Lila at 19:26, 16 November 2021

2021-11-16T19:26:38Z

Lila: Created page with "Union of two sets:
$~A \cup B$ [[File:Venn 0111 1111.svg|thumb|200px|Union of three sets:
$~A \cup B \cup C$ ]..."

2021-11-16T19:24:42Z

New page

[[File:Venn0111.svg|thumb|200px|Union of two sets: <math>~A \cup B</math>]]
[[File:Venn 0111 1111.svg|thumb|200px|Union of three sets: <math>~A \cup B \cup C</math>]]
[[File:Example of a non pairwise disjoint family of sets.svg|200px|thumb|The union of A, B, C, D, and E is everything except the white area.]]

== Union of two sets ==
The union of two sets ''A'' and ''B'' is the set of elements which are in ''A'', in ''B'', or in both ''A'' and ''B''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Set Operations {{!}} Union {{!}} Intersection {{!}} Complement {{!}} Difference {{!}} Mutually Exclusive {{!}} Partitions {{!}} De Morgan's Law {{!}} Distributive Law {{!}} Cartesian Product|url=https://www.probabilitycourse.com/chapter1/1_2_2_set_operations.php|access-date=2020-09-05|website=www.probabilitycourse.com}}</ref> In symbols,

:<math>A \cup B = \{ x: x \in A \text{ or } x \in B\}</math>.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBvpfEMhurwC|title=Basic Set Theory|last=Vereshchagin|first=Nikolai Konstantinovich|last2=Shen|first2=Alexander|date=2002-01-01|publisher=American Mathematical Soc.|isbn=9780821827314|language=en}}</ref>

For example, if ''A'' = {1, 3, 5, 7} and ''B'' = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7} then ''A'' ∪ ''B'' = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. A more elaborate example (involving two infinite sets) is:
: ''A'' = {''x'' is an even [[integer]] larger than 1}
: ''B'' = {''x'' is an odd integer larger than 1}
: <math>A \cup B = \{2,3,4,5,6, \dots\}</math>

As another example, the number 9 is ''not'' contained in the union of the set of [[prime number]]s {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...} and the set of [[even number]]s {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...}, because 9 is neither prime nor even.

Sets cannot have duplicate elements,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hM3-xxZC-8C&pg=PA24|title=Applied Mathematics for Database Professionals|last=deHaan|first=Lex|last2=Koppelaars|first2=Toon|date=2007-10-25|publisher=Apress|isbn=9781430203483|language=en}}</ref> so the union of the sets {1, 2, 3} and {2, 3, 4} is {1, 2, 3, 4}. Multiple occurrences of identical elements have no effect on the [[cardinality]] of a set or its contents.

=== Algebraic properties ===
Binary union is an [[associative]] operation; that is, for any sets ''A'', ''B'', and ''C'',

:<math>A \cup (B \cup C) = (A \cup B) \cup C.</math>

Thus the parentheses may be omitted without ambiguity: either of the above can be written as ''A'' ∪ ''B'' ∪ ''C''. Also, union is [[commutative]], so the sets can be written in any order.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV_aBwAAQBAJ|title=Naive Set Theory|last=Halmos|first=P. R.|date=2013-11-27|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781475716450|language=en}}</ref>
The [[empty set]] is an [[identity element]] for the operation of union. That is, ''A'' ∪ ∅ = ''A'', for any set ''A.'' Also, the union operation is idempotent: ''A'' ∪ ''A'' = ''A''. All these properties follow from analogous facts about [[logical disjunction]].

Intersection distributes over union
:<math>A \cap (B \cup C) = (A \cap B)\cup(A \cap C)</math>
and union distributes over intersection
:<math>A \cup (B \cap C) = (A \cup B) \cap (A \cup C).</math><ref name=":3" />

The [[power set]] of a set ''U'', together with the operations given by union, [[Intersection (set theory)|intersection]], and [[complement (set theory)|complementation]], is a [[Boolean algebra (structure)|Boolean algebra]]. In this Boolean algebra, union can be expressed in terms of intersection and complementation by the formula
:<math>A \cup B = \left(A^\text{c} \cap B^\text{c} \right)^\text{c},</math>
where the superscript <math>{}^\text{c}</math> denotes the complement in the [[Universe (mathematics)|universal set]] ''U''.

=== Finite unions ===
One can take the union of several sets simultaneously. For example, the union of three sets ''A'', ''B'', and ''C'' contains all elements of ''A'', all elements of ''B'', and all elements of ''C'', and nothing else. Thus, ''x'' is an element of ''A'' ∪ ''B'' ∪ ''C'' if and only if ''x'' is in at least one of ''A'', ''B'', and ''C''.

A '''finite union''' is the union of a finite number of sets; the phrase does not imply that the union set is a [[finite set]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u06-BAAAQBAJ|title=Set Theory: With an Introduction to Real Point Sets|last=Dasgupta|first=Abhijit|date=2013-12-11|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461488545|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Finite_Union_of_Finite_Sets_is_Finite|title=Finite Union of Finite Sets is Finite - ProofWiki|website=proofwiki.org|access-date=29 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911224545/https://proofwiki.org/wiki/Finite_Union_of_Finite_Sets_is_Finite|archive-date=11 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Arbitrary unions ===

The most general notion is the union of an arbitrary collection of sets, sometimes called an ''infinitary union''. If '''M''' is a set or [[Class (set theory)|class]] whose elements are sets, then ''x'' is an element of the union of '''M''' [[if and only if]] there is [[existential quantification|at least one]] element ''A'' of '''M''' such that ''x'' is an element of ''A''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOUbCgAAQBAJ|title=A Transition to Advanced Mathematics|last=Smith|first=Douglas|last2=Eggen|first2=Maurice|last3=Andre|first3=Richard St|date=2014-08-01|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=9781285463261|language=en}}</ref> In symbols:
: <math>x \in \bigcup \mathbf{M} \iff \exists A \in \mathbf{M},\ x \in A.</math>
This idea subsumes the preceding sections—for example, ''A'' ∪ ''B'' ∪ ''C'' is the union of the collection {''A'', ''B'', ''C''}. Also, if '''M''' is the empty collection, then the union of '''M''' is the empty set.

=== Notations ===
The notation for the general concept can vary considerably. For a finite union of sets <math>S_1, S_2, S_3, \dots , S_n</math> one often writes <math>S_1 \cup S_2 \cup S_3 \cup \dots \cup S_n</math> or <math>\bigcup_{i=1}^n S_i</math>. Various common notations for arbitrary unions include <math>\bigcup \mathbf{M}</math>, <math>\bigcup_{A\in\mathbf{M}} A</math>, and <math>\bigcup_{i\in I} A_{i}</math>. The last of these notations refers to the union of the collection <math>\left\{A_i : i \in I\right\}</math>, where ''I'' is an [[index set]] and <math>A_i</math> is a set for every <math>i \in I</math>. In the case that the index set ''I'' is the set of [[natural number]]s, one uses the notation <math>\bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty} A_{i}</math>, which is analogous to that of the [[infinite sum]]s in series.<ref name=":1" />

When the symbol "∪" is placed before other symbols (instead of between them), it is usually rendered as a larger size.

[[File:Venn0001.svg|thumb|The intersection of two sets <math>A</math> and <math>B,</math> represented by circles. <math>A \cap B</math> is in red.]]
In [[mathematics]], the '''intersection''' of two [[Set (mathematics)|sets]] <math>A</math> and <math>B,</math> denoted by <math>A \cap B,</math><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intersection of Sets|url=http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U1/S3/Intersection4.htm|access-date=2020-09-04|website=web.mnstate.edu}}</ref> is the set containing all elements of <math>A</math> that also belong to <math>B</math> or equivalently, all elements of <math>B</math> that also belong to <math>A.</math><ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m170/ch05-rul.html|title=Stats: Probability Rules|publisher=People.richland.edu|access-date=2012-05-08}}</ref>

==Intersection==
=== Notation and terminology ===

Intersection is written using the symbol "<math>\cap</math>" between the terms; that is, in [[infix notation]]. For example:
<math display=block>\{1,2,3\}\cap\{2,3,4\}=\{2,3\}</math>
<math display=block>\{1,2,3\}\cap\{4,5,6\}=\varnothing</math>
<math display=block>\Z\cap\N=\N</math>
<math display=block>\{x\in\R:x^2=1\}\cap\N=\{1\}</math>
The intersection of more than two sets (generalized intersection) can be written as:
<math display=block>\bigcap_{i=1}^n A_i</math>
which is similar to [[capital-sigma notation]].

For an explanation of the symbols used in this article, refer to the [[table of mathematical symbols]].

===Definition===

[[File:Venn 0000 0001.svg|thumb|Intersection of three sets: <math>~A \cap B \cap C</math>]]
[[File:Venn diagram gr la ru.svg|thumb|Intersections of the unaccented modern [[Greek alphabet|Greek]], [[Latin script|Latin]], and [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] scripts, considering only the shapes of the letters and ignoring their pronunciation]]
[[File:PolygonsSetIntersection.svg|thumb|Example of an intersection with sets]]
The intersection of two sets <math>A</math> and <math>B,</math> denoted by <math>A \cap B</math>,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Set Operations {{!}} Union {{!}} Intersection {{!}} Complement {{!}} Difference {{!}} Mutually Exclusive {{!}} Partitions {{!}} De Morgan's Law {{!}} Distributive Law {{!}} Cartesian Product|url=https://www.probabilitycourse.com/chapter1/1_2_2_set_operations.php|access-date=2020-09-04|website=www.probabilitycourse.com}}</ref> is the set of all objects that are members of both the sets <math>A</math> and <math>B.</math>
In symbols:
<math display=block>A \cap B = \{ x: x \in A \text{ and } x \in B\}.</math>

That is, <math>x</math> is an element of the intersection <math>A \cap B</math> [[if and only if]] <math>x</math> is both an element of <math>A</math> and an element of <math>B.</math><ref name=":1" />

For example:
* The intersection of the sets {1, 2, 3} and {2, 3, 4} is {2, 3}.
* The number 9 is {{em|not}} in the intersection of the set of [[prime number]]s {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ...} and the set of [[odd numbers]] {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ...}, because 9 is not prime.

===Intersecting and disjoint sets===

We say that {{em|{{visible anchor|<math>A</math> intersects (meets) <math>B</math>|Intersects|To intersect|Meets|To meet}}}} if there exists some <math>x</math> that is an element of both <math>A</math> and <math>B,</math> in which case we also say that {{em|<math>A</math> intersects (meets) <math>B</math> '''at''' <math>x</math>}}. Equivalently, <math>A</math> intersects <math>B</math> if their intersection <math>A \cap B</math> is an {{em|[[inhabited set]]}}, meaning that there exists some <math>x</math> such that <math>x \in A \cap B.</math>

We say that {{em|<math>A</math> and <math>B</math> are [[Disjoint sets|disjoint]]}} if <math>A</math> does not intersect <math>B.</math> In plain language, they have no elements in common. <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> are disjoint if their intersection is [[Empty set|empty]], denoted <math>A \cap B = \varnothing.</math>

For example, the sets <math>\{1, 2\}</math> and <math>\{3, 4\}</math> are disjoint, while the set of even numbers intersects the set of [[Multiple (mathematics)|multiples]] of 3 at the multiples of 6.

=== Algebraic properties ===

Binary intersection is an [[associative]] operation; that is, for any sets <math>A, B,</math> and <math>C,</math> one has

<math display="block">A \cap (B \cap C) = (A \cap B) \cap C.</math>Thus the parentheses may be omitted without ambiguity: either of the above can be written as <math>A \cap B \cap C</math>. Intersection is also [[Commutative property|commutative]]. That is, for any <math>A</math> and <math>B,</math> one has<math display="block">A \cap B = B \cap A.</math>
The intersection of any set with the [[empty set]] results in the empty set; that is, that for any set <math>A</math>,
<math display="block">A \cap \emptyset = \emptyset</math>
Also, the intersection operation is [[Idempotence|idempotent]]; that is, any set <math>A</math> satisfies that <math>A \cap A = A</math>. All these properties follow from analogous facts about [[logical conjunction]].

Intersection [[Distributive property|distributes]] over [[Union (set theory)|union]] and union distributes over intersection. That is, for any sets <math>A, B,</math> and <math>C,</math> one has
<math display="block">\begin{align}
A \cap (B \cup C) = (A \cap B) \cup (A \cap C) \\
A \cup (B \cap C) = (A \cup B) \cap (A \cup C)
\end{align}</math>
Inside a universe <math>U,</math> one may define the [[Complement (set theory)|complement]] <math>A^c</math> of <math>A</math> to be the set of all elements of <math>U</math> not in <math>A.</math> Furthermore, the intersection of <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> may be written as the complement of the [[Union (set theory)|union]] of their complements, derived easily from [[De Morgan's laws]]:<math display="block">A \cap B = \left(A^{c} \cup B^{c}\right)^c</math>

===Arbitrary intersections===

The most general notion is the intersection of an arbitrary {{em|nonempty}} collection of sets.
If <math>M</math> is a [[Empty set|nonempty]] set whose elements are themselves sets, then <math>x</math> is an element of the {{em|intersection}} of <math>M</math> if and only if [[Universal quantification|for every]] element <math>A</math> of <math>M,</math> <math>x</math> is an element of <math>A.</math>
In symbols:
<math display=block>\left( x \in \bigcap_{A \in M} A \right) \Leftrightarrow \left( \forall A \in M, \ x \in A \right).</math>

The notation for this last concept can vary considerably. [[Set theory|Set theorists]] will sometimes write "<math>\cap M</math>", while others will instead write "<math>\cap_{A \in M} A</math>".
The latter notation can be generalized to "<math>\cap_{i \in I} A_i</math>", which refers to the intersection of the collection <math>\left\{ A_i : i \in I \right\}.</math>
Here <math>I</math> is a nonempty set, and <math>A_i</math> is a set for every <math>i \in I.</math>

In the case that the [[index set]] <math>I</math> is the set of [[natural number]]s, notation analogous to that of an [[infinite product]] may be seen:
<math display=block>\bigcap_{i=1}^{\infty} A_i.</math>

When formatting is difficult, this can also be written "<math>A_1 \cap A_2 \cap A_3 \cap \cdots</math>". This last example, an intersection of countably many sets, is actually very common; for an example, see the article on [[Sigma algebra|σ-algebras]].

===Nullary intersection===
[[File:Multigrade operator AND.svg|thumb|[[Logical conjunction|Conjunctions]] of the arguments in parentheses The conjunction of no argument is the [[tautology (logic)|tautology]] (compare: [[empty product]]); accordingly the intersection of no set is the [[universe (set theory)|universe]].]]

Note that in the previous section, we excluded the case where <math>M</math> was the [[empty set]] (<math>\varnothing</math>). The reason is as follows: The intersection of the collection <math>M</math> is defined as the set (see [[set-builder notation]])
<math display=block>\bigcap_{A \in M} A = \{x : \text{ for all } A \in M, x \in A\}.</math>
If <math>M</math> is empty, there are no sets <math>A</math> in <math>M,</math> so the question becomes "which <math>x</math><nowiki>'</nowiki>s satisfy the stated condition?" The answer seems to be {{em|every possible <math>x</math>}}. When <math>M</math> is empty, the condition given above is an example of a [[vacuous truth]]. So the intersection of the empty family should be the [[universal set]] (the [[identity element]] for the operation of intersection),<ref>{{citation|last=Megginson|first=Robert E.|author-link=Robert Megginson|title=An introduction to Banach space theory|series=[[Graduate Texts in Mathematics]]|volume=183|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=New York|year=1998|pages=xx+596|isbn=0-387-98431-3|chapter=Chapter 1}}</ref>
but in standard ([[Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory|ZF]]) set theory, the universal set does not exist.

In [[type theory]] however, <math>x</math> is of a prescribed type <math>\tau,</math> so the intersection is understood to be of type <math>\mathrm{set}\ \tau</math> (the type of sets whose elements are in <math>\tau</math>), and we can define <math>\bigcap_{A \in \empty} A</math> to be the universal set of <math>\mathrm{set}\ \tau</math> (the set whose elements are exactly all terms of type <math>\tau</math>).

==Licensing==
Content obtained and/or adapted from:
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory) Union (set theory)] under a CC BY-SA license

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:43, 16 November 2021
Line 136:		Line 136:
	Content obtained and/or adapted from:		Content obtained and/or adapted from:
	* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory) Union (set theory)] under a CC BY-SA license		* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(set_theory) Union (set theory)] under a CC BY-SA license
		+	* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersection_(set_theory) Intersection (set theory)] under a CC BY-SA license

@@ Line 49: / Line 49: @@
 When the symbol "∪" is placed before other symbols (instead of between them), it is usually rendered as a larger size.
 [[File:Venn0001.svg|thumb|The intersection of two sets <math>A</math> and <math>B,</math> represented by circles. <math>A \cap B</math> is in red.]]
-In [[mathematics]], the '''intersection''' of two [[Set (mathematics)|sets]] <math>A</math> and <math>B,</math> denoted by <math>A \cap B,</math><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intersection of Sets|url=http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U1/S3/Intersection4.htm|access-date=2020-09-04|website=web.mnstate.edu}}</ref> is the set containing all elements of <math>A</math> that also belong to <math>B</math> or equivalently, all elements of <math>B</math> that also belong to <math>A.</math><ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m170/ch05-rul.html|title=Stats: Probability Rules|publisher=People.richland.edu|access-date=2012-05-08}}</ref>
+The '''intersection''' of two [[Set (mathematics)|sets]] <math>A</math> and <math>B,</math> denoted by <math>A \cap B,</math><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intersection of Sets|url=http://web.mnstate.edu/peil/MDEV102/U1/S3/Intersection4.htm|access-date=2020-09-04|website=web.mnstate.edu}}</ref> is the set containing all elements of <math>A</math> that also belong to <math>B</math> or equivalently, all elements of <math>B</math> that also belong to <math>A.</math><ref>{{cite web|url=http://people.richland.edu/james/lecture/m170/ch05-rul.html|title=Stats: Probability Rules|publisher=People.richland.edu|access-date=2012-05-08}}</ref>
 === Notation and terminology ===

Unions and Intersections of Sets - Revision history

Lila: /* Licensing */

Lila at 19:37, 16 November 2021

Lila at 19:26, 16 November 2021

Lila: Created page with "Union of two sets:~A \cup B [[File:Venn 0111 1111.svg|thumb|200px|Union of three sets:~A \cup B \cup C]..."

Lila: Created page with "Union of two sets:
$~A \cup B$ [[File:Venn 0111 1111.svg|thumb|200px|Union of three sets:
$~A \cup B \cup C$ ]..."