Integrals Involving Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Logarithm Function

We shall first look at the irrational number $e$ in order to show its special properties when used with derivatives of exponential and logarithm functions. As mentioned before in the Algebra section, the value of $e$ is approximately $e\approx 2.718282$ but it may also be calculated as the Infinite Limit:

$e=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{n}$

Now we find the derivative of $\ln(x)$ using the formal definition of the derivative:

${\frac {d}{dx}}\ln(x)=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {\ln(x+h)-\ln(x)}{h}}=\lim _{h\to 0}{\frac {1}{h}}\ln \left({\frac {x+h}{x}}\right)=\lim _{h\to 0}\ln \left({\frac {x+h}{x}}\right)^{\frac {1}{h}}$

Let $n={\frac {x}{h}}$ . Note that as $n\to \infty$ , we get $h\to 0$ . So we can redefine our limit as:

$\lim _{n\to \infty }\ln \left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{\frac {n}{x}}={\frac {1}{x}}\ln \left(\lim _{n\to \infty }\left(1+{\frac {1}{n}}\right)^{n}\right)={\frac {1}{x}}\ln(e)={\frac {1}{x}}$

Here we could take the natural logarithm outside the limit because it doesn't have anything to do with the limit (we could have chosen not to). We then substituted the value of $e$ .

Derivative of the Natural Logarithm ${\frac {d}{dx}}\ln(x)={\frac {1}{x}}$

If we wanted, we could go through that same process again for a generalized base, but it is easier just to use properties of logs and realize that:

$\log _{a}(x)={\frac {\ln(x)}{\ln(a)}}$

Since ${\frac {1}{\ln(a)}}$ is a constant, we can just take it outside of the derivative:

${\frac {d}{dx}}\log _{a}(x)={\frac {1}{\ln(a)}}\cdot {\frac {d}{dx}}\ln(x)$

Which leaves us with the generalized form of:

Derivative of the Logarithm ${\frac {d}{dx}}\log _{a}(x)={\frac {1}{\ln(a)x}}$

An alternative approach to derivative of the logarithm refers to the original expression of the logarithm as quadrature of the hyperbola y = 1/x .

Exponential Function

We shall take two different approaches to finding the derivative of $\ln(e^{x})$ . The first approach:

${\frac {d}{dx}}\ln(e^{x})={\frac {d}{dx}}x=1$

The second approach:

${\frac {d}{dx}}\ln(e^{x})={\frac {1}{e^{x}}}\left({\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}\right)$

Note that in the second approach we made some use of the chain rule. Thus:

${\frac {1}{e^{x}}}\left({\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}\right)=1$

${\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}$

so that we have proved the following rule:

Derivative of the exponential function ${\frac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}$

Now that we have derived a specific case, let us extend things to the general case. Assuming that $a$ is a positive real constant, we wish to calculate:

${\frac {d}{dx}}a^{x}$

One of the oldest tricks in mathematics is to break a problem down into a form that we already know we can handle. Since we have already determined the derivative of $e^{x}$ , we will attempt to rewrite $a^{x}$ in that form.

Using that $e^{\ln(c)}=c$ and that $\ln(a^{b})=b\cdot \ln(a)$ , we find that:

$a^{x}=e^{\ln(a)x}$

Thus, we simply apply the chain rule:

${\frac {d}{dx}}e^{\ln(a)x}=e^{\ln(a)x}\cdot {\frac {d}{dx}}[\ln(a)x]=\ln(a)a^{x}$

Derivative of the exponential function ${\frac {d}{dx}}a^{x}=\ln(a)a^{x}$

Exponential & Logarithm Integrals

Regarding the derivatives of exponentials and logarithms, we know that:

• ${\dfrac {d}{dx}}e^{x}=e^{x}$
• ${\dfrac {d}{dx}}\ln x={\frac {1}{x}}$

Reversing these, we get:

• $\int e^{x}=e^{x}+c$
• $\int {\frac {1}{x}}=\ln |x|$

The natural logarithm takes a modulus input so that it can handle negative numbers.

Note that similar rules apply to any linear expressions that may be composed with these functions:

• $\int e^{ax+b}={\frac {1}{a}}e^{ax+b}+c$
• $\int {\frac {1}{ax+b}}={\frac {1}{a}}\ln |ax+b|$

Resources

• Integrating Exponential Functions By Substitution - Antiderivatives - Calculus by The Organic Chemistry Tutor
• Indefinite Integral, WikiBooks: Calculus

Licensing

Content obtained and/or adapted from:

• Integration, Wikibooks: A-level Mathematics/CIE/Pure Mathematics 2 under a CC BY-SA license