Integrals Resulting in Inverse Trigonometric Functions

$\int {\frac {du}{\sqrt {a^{2}-u^{2}}}}=\arcsin \left({\frac {u}{a}}\right)+C$

$\int {\frac {du}{a^{2}+u^{2}}}={\dfrac {1}{a}}\arctan \left({\dfrac {u}{a}}\right)+C$

$\int {\frac {du}{u{\sqrt {u^{2}-a^{2}}}}}={\frac {1}{a}}\operatorname {arcsec} \left({\dfrac {|u|}{a}}\right)+C$

Example 1

Evaluate the integral

$\int {\dfrac {dx}{\sqrt {4-9x^{2}}}}.$

Solution

Substitute $u=3x$. Then $du=3dx$ and we have

$\int {\dfrac {dx}{\sqrt {4-9x^{2}}}}={\dfrac {1}{3}}\int {\dfrac {du}{\sqrt {4-u^{2}}}}.$

Applying the formula with Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a=2, } we obtain

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int\dfrac{dx}{\sqrt{4 - 9x^2}}=\dfrac{1}{3}\int\dfrac{du}{\sqrt{4 - u^2}}=\dfrac{1}{3}\arcsin \left(\dfrac{u}{2}\right)+C=\dfrac{1}{3}\arcsin \left(\dfrac{3x}{2}\right)+C.}

Example 2

Evaluate Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \frac{4-x}{\sqrt{16-x^2}}\dx } .

Solution

This integral requires two different methods to evaluate it. We get to those methods by splitting up the integral:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \frac{4-x}{\sqrt{16-x^2}}\ dx = \int \frac{4}{\sqrt{16-x^2}}\ dx - \int \frac{x}{\sqrt{16-x^2}}\dx } /p>

The first integral is handled straightforward; the second integral is handled by substitution, with Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u = 16-x^2} . We handle each separately.

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \frac{4}{\sqrt{16-x^2}}\ dx = 4\arcsin\frac{x}{4} + C.}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int\frac{x}{\sqrt{16-x^2}}\ dx} : Set Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle u = 16-x^2} , so Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle du = -2xdx<math> and <math>xdx = -du/2} . We have

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \begin{align} \int\frac{x}{\sqrt{16-x^2}}\ dx &amp;= \int\frac{-du/2}{\sqrt{u}}\\ &amp;= -\frac12\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{u}}\ du \\ &amp;= - \sqrt{u} + C\\ &amp;= -\sqrt{16-x^2} + C.\end{align}}

Combining these together, we have

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int \frac{4-x}{\sqrt{16-x^2}}\ dx = 4\arcsin\frac x4 + \sqrt{16-x^2}+C.}

Resources

Integration into Inverse trigonometric functions using Substitution by The Organic Chemistry Tutor

Integrating using Inverse Trigonometric Functions by patrickJMT