Difference between revisions of "Sets:Families"

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(Created page with "A set of sets is usually referred to as a ''family'' or ''collection'' of sets. Often, families of sets are written with either a script or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakt...")
 
 
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A set of sets is usually referred to as a ''family'' or ''collection'' of sets. Often, families of sets are written with either a script or [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktur_(script) Fraktur] font to easily distinguish them from other sets. For a family of sets <math>\mathfrak{A}</math> , define the ''union'' and ''intersection'' of the family by,
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In set theory and related branches of mathematics, a collection ''F'' of subsets of a given set ''S'' is called a '''family of subsets''' of ''S'', or a '''family of sets''' over ''S''. More generally, a collection of any sets whatsoever is called a '''family of sets''' or a '''set-family''' or a '''set-system'''.
  
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:{{math|size=1.4em|<math>\begin{align}\bigcup\mathfrak{A}&=\bigcup_{A\in\mathfrak A}A=\{x:x\text{ is in some }A\in\mathfrak A\}\\\bigcap\mathfrak{A}&=\bigcap_{A\in\mathfrak A}A=\{x:x\text{ is in all }A\in\mathfrak A\}\end{align}</math>}}
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The term "collection" is used here because, in some contexts, a family of sets may be allowed to contain repeated copies of any given member, and in other contexts it may form a proper class rather than a set.
  
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For a family of sets, we say that it is ''pairwise disjoint'' if any two distinct sets we choose from the family are disjoint.  
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A finite family of subsets of a finite set S is also called a '''hypergraph'''.
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== Examples ==
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* The power set '''P'''(''S'') is a family of sets over ''S''.
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* The ''k''-subsets ''S''<sup>(''k'')</sup> of a set ''S'' (i.e., a subset of ''S'' with the number of the subset elements as ''k'') form a family of sets.
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* Let ''S'' = {a,b,c,1,2}. An example of a family of sets over ''S'' (in the multiset sense) is given by ''F'' = {A<sub>1</sub>, A<sub>2</sub>, A<sub>3</sub>, A<sub>4</sub>}, where A<sub>1</sub> = {a,b,c}, A<sub>2</sub> = {1,2}, A<sub>3</sub> = {1,2} and A<sub>4</sub> = {a,b,1}.
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* The class Ord of all ordinal numbers is a ''large'' family of sets. That is, it is not itself a set but instead a proper class.
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== Properties ==
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* Any family of subsets of ''S'' is itself a subset of the power set '''P'''(''S'') if it has no repeated members.
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* Any family of sets without repetitions is a subclass of the proper class '''V''' of all sets (the universe).
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* Hall's marriage theorem, due to Philip Hall, gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a finite family of non-empty sets (repetitions allowed) to have a system of distinct representatives.
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== Related concepts ==
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Certain types of objects from other areas of mathematics are equivalent to families of sets, in that they can be described purely as a collection of sets of objects of some type:
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* A hypergraph, also called a set system, is formed by a set of vertices together with another set of ''hyperedges'', each of which may be an arbitrary set. The hyperedges of a hypergraph form a family of sets, and any family of sets can be interpreted as a hypergraph that has the union of the sets as its vertices.
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* An abstract simplicial complex is a combinatorial abstraction of the notion of a simplicial complex, a shape formed by unions of line segments, triangles, tetrahedra, and higher-dimensional simplices, joined face to face. In an abstract simplicial complex, each simplex is represented simply as the set of its vertices. Any family of finite sets without repetitions in which the subsets of any set in the family also belong to the family forms an abstract simplicial complex.
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* An incidence structure consists of a set of ''points'', a set of ''lines'', and an (arbitrary) binary relation, called the ''incidence relation'', specifying which points belong to which lines. An incidence structure can be specified by a family of sets (even if two distinct lines contain the same set of points), the sets of points belonging to each line, and any family of sets can be interpreted as an incidence structure in this way.
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* A binary block code consists of a set of codewords, each of which is a string of 0s and 1s, all the same length. When each pair of codewords has large Hamming distance, it can be used as an error-correcting code. A block code can also be described as a family of sets, by describing each codeword as the set of positions at which it contains a&nbsp;1.
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* A topological space consists of a pair (X, τ) where X is a set (called ''points'') and τ is a family of sets (called ''open sets'') over X.  τ must contain both the empty set and X itself, and is closed under set union and finite set intersection.
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==Special types of set families==
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A '''Sperner family''' is a set-family in which none of the sets contains any of the others. Sperner's theorem bounds the maximum size of a Sperner family.
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A '''Helly family''' is a set-family such that any minimal subfamily with empty intersection has bounded size. Helly's theorem states that convex sets in Euclidean spaces of bounded dimension form Helly families.
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An '''abstract simplicial complex''' is a set-family ''F'' that is downward-closed, i.e., every subset of a set in ''F'' is also in ''F''.  A '''matroid''' is an abstract simplicial complex with an additional property called the ''augmentation property''.
  
 
==Resources==
 
==Resources==
 
* [https://link-springer-com.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-7127-2.pdf Course Textbook], pages 109-115
 
* [https://link-springer-com.libweb.lib.utsa.edu/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-7127-2.pdf Course Textbook], pages 109-115
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* [https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Mathematical_Logic_and_Proof/Book%3A_Mathematical_Reasoning__Writing_and_Proof_(Sundstrom)/5%3A_Set_Theory/5.5%3A_Indexed_Families_of_Sets Indexed Families of Sets], Mathematics LibreTexts
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== Licensing ==
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Content obtained and/or adapted from:
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_sets Family of sets, Wikipedia] under a CC BY-SA license

Latest revision as of 12:40, 4 February 2022

In set theory and related branches of mathematics, a collection F of subsets of a given set S is called a family of subsets of S, or a family of sets over S. More generally, a collection of any sets whatsoever is called a family of sets or a set-family or a set-system.

The term "collection" is used here because, in some contexts, a family of sets may be allowed to contain repeated copies of any given member, and in other contexts it may form a proper class rather than a set.

A finite family of subsets of a finite set S is also called a hypergraph.

Examples

  • The power set P(S) is a family of sets over S.
  • The k-subsets S(k) of a set S (i.e., a subset of S with the number of the subset elements as k) form a family of sets.
  • Let S = {a,b,c,1,2}. An example of a family of sets over S (in the multiset sense) is given by F = {A1, A2, A3, A4}, where A1 = {a,b,c}, A2 = {1,2}, A3 = {1,2} and A4 = {a,b,1}.
  • The class Ord of all ordinal numbers is a large family of sets. That is, it is not itself a set but instead a proper class.

Properties

  • Any family of subsets of S is itself a subset of the power set P(S) if it has no repeated members.
  • Any family of sets without repetitions is a subclass of the proper class V of all sets (the universe).
  • Hall's marriage theorem, due to Philip Hall, gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a finite family of non-empty sets (repetitions allowed) to have a system of distinct representatives.

Related concepts

Certain types of objects from other areas of mathematics are equivalent to families of sets, in that they can be described purely as a collection of sets of objects of some type:

  • A hypergraph, also called a set system, is formed by a set of vertices together with another set of hyperedges, each of which may be an arbitrary set. The hyperedges of a hypergraph form a family of sets, and any family of sets can be interpreted as a hypergraph that has the union of the sets as its vertices.
  • An abstract simplicial complex is a combinatorial abstraction of the notion of a simplicial complex, a shape formed by unions of line segments, triangles, tetrahedra, and higher-dimensional simplices, joined face to face. In an abstract simplicial complex, each simplex is represented simply as the set of its vertices. Any family of finite sets without repetitions in which the subsets of any set in the family also belong to the family forms an abstract simplicial complex.
  • An incidence structure consists of a set of points, a set of lines, and an (arbitrary) binary relation, called the incidence relation, specifying which points belong to which lines. An incidence structure can be specified by a family of sets (even if two distinct lines contain the same set of points), the sets of points belonging to each line, and any family of sets can be interpreted as an incidence structure in this way.
  • A binary block code consists of a set of codewords, each of which is a string of 0s and 1s, all the same length. When each pair of codewords has large Hamming distance, it can be used as an error-correcting code. A block code can also be described as a family of sets, by describing each codeword as the set of positions at which it contains a 1.
  • A topological space consists of a pair (X, τ) where X is a set (called points) and τ is a family of sets (called open sets) over X. τ must contain both the empty set and X itself, and is closed under set union and finite set intersection.

Special types of set families

A Sperner family is a set-family in which none of the sets contains any of the others. Sperner's theorem bounds the maximum size of a Sperner family.

A Helly family is a set-family such that any minimal subfamily with empty intersection has bounded size. Helly's theorem states that convex sets in Euclidean spaces of bounded dimension form Helly families.

An abstract simplicial complex is a set-family F that is downward-closed, i.e., every subset of a set in F is also in F. A matroid is an abstract simplicial complex with an additional property called the augmentation property.

Resources

Licensing

Content obtained and/or adapted from:

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