Logical Implication

A logical implication is a relationship between two statements. If a statement Q is always true when another statement P is true, then we say that "P implies Q", which is denoted symbolically as Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle P \implies Q } . Note that if P is false, Q does not necessarily have to be false. For example, if x > 10, then x is also greater than 0, so we can say that "$x>10\implies x>0$". However, if x is less than 10, it doesn't necessarily mean that x isn't greater than 0. That is, $x>10\implies x>0$ does NOT mean that $x\leq 10\implies x\leq 0$. The truth table for logical implication is as follows:

$P$	$Q$	$P\Rightarrow Q$
T	T	T
T	F	F
F	T	T
F	F	T

Note that while the inverse of $P\implies Q$ (that is, $\neg P\implies \neg Q$) does not necessarily have the same truth value as $P\implies Q$, the contrapositive ($\neg Q\implies \neg P$) does. For example, $x>10\implies x>0$ and its contrapositive, Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x \leq 0 \implies x \leq 10 } , are logically equivalent, and always have the same truth value for any number x.

Resources

• Truth Tables, Tautologies, and Logical Equivalences, Millersville University