Extreme values on closed and bounded domains

Extreme Value Theorem:

If f is a continuous function and closed on the interval [$a,b$], then f has both a minimum and a maximum.

This introduces us to the aspect of global extrema and local extrema. (Also known as absolute extrema or relative extrema respectively.)

How is this so? Let us use an example.

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(x) = x^2 } and is closed on the interval [-1,2]. Find all extrema.

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{dy}{dx} = 2x}

A critical point (a point where the derivative is zero) exists at (0,0). Just for practice, let us use the second derivative test to evaluate whether or not it is a minimum or maximum. (You should know it is a minimum from looking at the graph.)

${\frac {d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}}=2$

$f''(c)>0$, thus it must be a minimum.

As mentioned before, one can find global extrema on a closed interval. How? Evaluate the y coordinate at the endpoints of the interval and compare it to the y coordinates of the critical point. When you are finding extrema on a closed interval it is called a local extremum and when it's for the whole graph it's called a global extremum.

1: Critical Point: (0,0) This is the lowest value in the interval. Therefore, it is a local minimum which also happens to be the global minimum.

2: Left Endpoint (-1, 1) This point is not a critical point nor is it the highest/lowest value, therefore it qualifies as nothing.

3: Right Endpoint (2, 4) This is the highest value in the interval, and thus it is a local maximum.

This example was to show you the extreme value theorem. The quintessential point is this: on a closed interval, the function will have both minima and maxima. However, if that interval was an open interval of all real numbers, (0,0) would have been a local minimum. On a closed interval, always remember to evaluate endpoints to obtain global extrema.

First Derivative Test

Recall that the first derivative of a function describes the slope of the graph of the function at every point along the graph for which the function is defined and differentiable.

Increasing/Decreasing:

• If $f'(x)<0\$, then $f(x)\$ is decreasing.

• If $f'(x)>0\$, then $f(x)\$ is increasing.

Local Extrema:

• If ${\frac {dy}{dx}}|_{x=c}=f'(c)=0$ and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f'(x) \ } changes signs at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = c \ } , then there exists a local extremum at $x=c\$.

• If Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f'(x) < 0 \ } for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x < c \ } and $f'(x)>0\$ for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x > c \ } , then $f(c)\$ is a local minimum.

• If Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f'(x) > 0 \ } for Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x < c \ } and $f'(x)<0\$ Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x > c \ } , then Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(c) \ } is a local maximum.

Example 1:

Let $f(x)=3x^{2}+4x-5\$. Find all local extrema.

• Find Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{dy}{dx} }

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(x) = 3x^2 + 4x - 5 \ }

$f'(x)=6x+4\$

• Set Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \frac{dy}{dx} = 0 } to find local extrema.

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle 6x + 4 = 0 \ }

$6x=-4\$

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = - \frac{2}{3} }

• Determine whether there is a local minimum or maximum at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = - \frac{2}{3} } .

Choose an x value smaller than $-{\frac {2}{3}}$:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f'(-1) = 6(-1) + 4 = -2 < 0 \ }

Choose an x value larger than Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle - \frac{2}{3} } :

$f'(1)=6(1)+4=10>0\$

Therefore, there is a local minimum at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = - \frac{2}{3} } because Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f'(- \frac{2}{3}) = 0 } and $f'(x)\$ changes signs at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = - \frac{2}{3} } .

Answer: local minimum: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle  x = - \frac{2}{3} }
.

Second Derivative Test

Recall that the second derivative of a function describes the concavity of the graph of that function.

• If ${\frac {d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}}|_{x=c}=f''(c)=0$ and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f''(c) \ } changes signs at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = c \ } , then there is a point of inflection (change in concavity) at $x=c\$.

• If Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f''(x) < 0 \ } , then the graph of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(x) \ } is concave down.

• If $f''(x)>0\$, then the graph of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f(x) \ } is concave up.

Example 2:

Let Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle  f(x) = x^3 + 2x + 7 \ }
.  Find any points of inflection on the graph of Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle  f(x) \ }
.

• Find ${\frac {d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}}$.

$f(x)=x^{3}+2x+7\$

$f'(x)=3x^{2}+2\$

$f''(x)=6x\$

• Set ${\frac {d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}}=0$.

$6x=0\$

$x=0\$

• Determine whether $f''(x)\$ changes signs at $x=0\$.

Choose an x value that is smaller than 0:

$f''(-1)=6(-1)=-6<0\$

Choose an x value that is larger than 0:

$f''(1)=6(1)=6>0\$

Therefore, there exists a point of inflection at $x=0\$ because $f''(0)=0\$ and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f''(x) \ } changes signs at Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle x = 0 \ } .

Answer: point of inflection: Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle  x = 0 \ }
.