Connectedness

Connected and Disconnected Metric Spaces

Definition: A metric space $(M,d)$ is said to be Disconnected if there exists nonempty open sets $A$ and $B$ such that $A\cap B=\emptyset$ and $M=A\cup B$. If $M$ is not disconnected then we say that $M$ Connected. Furthermore, if $S\subseteq M$ then $S$ is said to be disconnected/connected if the metric subspace $(S,d)$ is disconnected/connected.

Intuitively, a set is disconnected if it can be separated into two pieces while a set is connected if it’s an entire piece.

For example, consider the metric space $(\mathbb {R} ,d)$ where $d$ is the Euclidean metric on $\mathbb {R}$. Let $S=(a,b)\subset \mathbb {R}$, i.e., $S$ is an open interval in $\mathbb {R}$. We claim that $S$ is connected.

Suppose not. Then there exists nonempty open subsets $A$ and $B$ such that $A\cap B=\emptyset$ and $(a,b)=A\cup B$. Furthermore, $A$ and $B$ must be open intervals themselves, say $A=(c,d)$ and $B=(e,f)$. We must have that $A\cup B=(c,d)\cup (e,f)$. So $c=a$ or $e=a$ and furthermore, $d=b$ or $f=b$.

If $c=a$ then this implies that Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle f = b} (since if $d=b$ then Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A = (a, b)} which implies that $B=\emptyset$). So if Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A \cup B = (c, d) \cup (e, f) = (a, d) \cup (e, b) \text{ we must have that } a < d, e < b} . If $d=e$ then $A\cup B=(a,d)\cup (d,b)$ and so $d\not \in (a,b)$ so Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A \cup B \neq = (a, b)} . If Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d < e} then Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A \cup B = (a, d) \cup (e, b)} and Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (d, e) \not \in (a, b)} so Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A \cup B \neq (a, b)} . If Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle d > e} then Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle A \cap B = (e, d) \neq \emptyset} . Either way we see that Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (a, b) \neq A \cup B} .

We can use the same logic for the other cases which will completely show that Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (a, b)} is connected.