Difference between revisions of "Improper Integrals"

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:<math>\int\limits_a^b f(x)dx</math>
 
:<math>\int\limits_a^b f(x)dx</math>
  
requires the interval <math>[a,b]</math> be finite. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus requires that <math>f</math> be continuous on <math>[a,b]</math> . In this section, you will be studying a method of evaluating integrals that fail these requirements&mdash;either because their limits of integration are infinite, or because a finite number of discontinuities exist on the interval <math>[a,b]</math> . Integrals that fail either of these requirements are '''improper integrals'''. (If you are not familiar with [[Calculus/L'Hôpital's rule|L'Hôpital's rule]], it is a good idea to review it before reading this section.)
+
requires the interval <math>[a,b]</math> be finite. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus requires that <math>f</math> be continuous on <math>[a,b]</math> . In this section, you will be studying a method of evaluating integrals that fail these requirements&mdash;either because their limits of integration are infinite, or because a finite number of discontinuities exist on the interval <math>[a,b]</math> . Integrals that fail either of these requirements are '''improper integrals'''. (If you are not familiar with L'Hôpital's rule, it is a good idea to review it before reading this section.)
  
 
==Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration==
 
==Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration==
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</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
  
{{ExampleRobox|title=Example: Convergent Improper Integral}}
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====Example: Convergent Improper Integral====
  
 
We claim that
 
We claim that
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|<math>=1</math>
 
|<math>=1</math>
 
|}
 
|}
{{Robox/Close}}
 
  
{{ExampleRobox|title=Example: Divergent Improper Integral}}
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====Example: Divergent Improper Integral====
  
 
We claim that the integral
 
We claim that the integral
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Therefore  
 
Therefore  
 
:<math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{dx}{x}</math> diverges.
 
:<math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{dx}{x}</math> diverges.
{{Robox/Close}}
 
  
{{ExampleRobox|title=Example: Improper Integral}}
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====Example: Improper Integral====
  
 
Find <math>\int\limits_0^\infty x^2e^{-x}dx</math> .
 
Find <math>\int\limits_0^\infty x^2e^{-x}dx</math> .
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Now <math>\lim_{b\to\infty}e^{-b}=0</math> and because exponentials overpower polynomials, we see that <math>\lim_{b\to\infty}b^2e^{-b}=0</math> and <math>\lim_{b\to\infty}be^{-b}=0</math> as well. Hence,
 
Now <math>\lim_{b\to\infty}e^{-b}=0</math> and because exponentials overpower polynomials, we see that <math>\lim_{b\to\infty}b^2e^{-b}=0</math> and <math>\lim_{b\to\infty}be^{-b}=0</math> as well. Hence,
 
:<math>\int\limits_0^\infty x^2e^{-x}dx=\lim_{b\to\infty}\int\limits_0^b x^2e^{-x}dx=0+2(0-0+1)=2</math>
 
:<math>\int\limits_0^\infty x^2e^{-x}dx=\lim_{b\to\infty}\int\limits_0^b x^2e^{-x}dx=0+2(0-0+1)=2</math>
{{Robox/Close}}
 
  
{{ExampleRobox|title=Example: Powers}}
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====Example: Powers====
  
 
Show <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{dx}{x^p}=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{p-1},&\text{if }p>1\\ \text{diverges},&\text{if }p\le1\end{cases}</math>
 
Show <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{dx}{x^p}=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{p-1},&\text{if }p>1\\ \text{diverges},&\text{if }p\le1\end{cases}</math>
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Notice that we had to assume that <math>p\ne 1</math> to avoid dividing by 0. However the <math>p=1</math> case was done in a previous example.
 
Notice that we had to assume that <math>p\ne 1</math> to avoid dividing by 0. However the <math>p=1</math> case was done in a previous example.
{{Robox/Close}}
 
  
 
==Improper Integrals with a Finite Number Discontinuities==
 
==Improper Integrals with a Finite Number Discontinuities==
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</blockquote>
 
</blockquote>
  
{{ExampleRobox|title=Example 1}}
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====Example 1====
  
 
Show <math>\int\limits_0^1\frac{dx}{x^p}=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{1-p},&\text{if }p<1\\ \text{diverges},&\text{if }p\ge1\end{cases}</math>
 
Show <math>\int\limits_0^1\frac{dx}{x^p}=\begin{cases}\frac{1}{1-p},&\text{if }p<1\\ \text{diverges},&\text{if }p\ge1\end{cases}</math>
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:<math>\int\limits_0^1 \frac{dx}{x}=\lim_{a\to 0^+}\left[\ln\big(|x|\big)\Big|_a^1\right]=\lim_{a\to 0^+}\Big[-\ln(a)\Big]</math>
 
:<math>\int\limits_0^1 \frac{dx}{x}=\lim_{a\to 0^+}\left[\ln\big(|x|\big)\Big|_a^1\right]=\lim_{a\to 0^+}\Big[-\ln(a)\Big]</math>
 
which diverges.
 
which diverges.
{{Robox/Close}}
 
  
 
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====Example 2====
{{ExampleRobox|title=Example 2}}
 
  
 
The integral <math>\int\limits_{-1}^3\frac{dx}{x-2}</math> is improper because the integrand is not continuous at <math>x=2</math> . However had we not noticed that we might have been tempted to apply the fundamental theorem of calculus and conclude that it equals
 
The integral <math>\int\limits_{-1}^3\frac{dx}{x-2}</math> is improper because the integrand is not continuous at <math>x=2</math> . However had we not noticed that we might have been tempted to apply the fundamental theorem of calculus and conclude that it equals
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\end{align}</math>
 
\end{align}</math>
 
and <math>\lim_{b\to2^-}\Big[\ln(2-b)\Big]</math> and <math>\lim_{a\to2^+}\Big[-\ln(a-2)\Big]</math> both diverge.
 
and <math>\lim_{b\to2^-}\Big[\ln(2-b)\Big]</math> and <math>\lim_{a\to2^+}\Big[-\ln(a-2)\Big]</math> both diverge.
{{Robox/Close}}
 
  
 
We can also give a definition of the integral of a function with a finite number of discontinuities.
 
We can also give a definition of the integral of a function with a finite number of discontinuities.
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A similar theorem holds for improper integrals of the form <math>\int\limits_{-\infty}^b f(x)dx</math> and for improper integrals with discontinuities.
 
A similar theorem holds for improper integrals of the form <math>\int\limits_{-\infty}^b f(x)dx</math> and for improper integrals with discontinuities.
  
{{ExampleRobox|title=Example: Use of comparsion test to show convergence}}
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====Example: Use of comparsion test to show convergence====
  
 
Show that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x^2}dx</math> converges.
 
Show that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x^2}dx</math> converges.
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:<math>0\le\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x^2}\le\frac{3}{x^2}</math> .
 
:<math>0\le\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x^2}\le\frac{3}{x^2}</math> .
 
We have seen that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{3}{x^2}dx=3\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{dx}{x^2}</math> converges. So putting <math>f(x)=\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x^2}</math> and <math>g(x)=\frac{3}{x^2}</math> into the comparison test we get that the integral <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x^2}dx</math> converges as well.
 
We have seen that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{3}{x^2}dx=3\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{dx}{x^2}</math> converges. So putting <math>f(x)=\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x^2}</math> and <math>g(x)=\frac{3}{x^2}</math> into the comparison test we get that the integral <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x^2}dx</math> converges as well.
{{Robox/Close}}
 
  
{{ExampleRobox|title=Example: Use of Comparsion Test to show divergence}}
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====Example: Use of Comparsion Test to show divergence====
  
 
Show that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x}dx</math> diverges.
 
Show that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x}dx</math> diverges.
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:<math>\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x}\ge\frac{1}{x}\ge0</math>
 
:<math>\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x}\ge\frac{1}{x}\ge0</math>
 
We have seen that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{dx}{x}</math> diverges. So putting <math>f(x)=\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x}</math> and <math>g(x)=\frac{1}{x}</math> into the comparison test we get that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x}dx</math> diverges as well.
 
We have seen that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{dx}{x}</math> diverges. So putting <math>f(x)=\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x}</math> and <math>g(x)=\frac{1}{x}</math> into the comparison test we get that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\frac{\sin(x)+2}{x}dx</math> diverges as well.
{{Robox/Close}}
 
  
 
===An extension of the comparison theorem===
 
===An extension of the comparison theorem===
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{{ExampleRobox|title=Example}}
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====Example====
  
 
Show that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\sqrt{\frac{x^7}{e^{3x}}}dx</math> converges.
 
Show that <math>\int\limits_1^\infty\sqrt{\frac{x^7}{e^{3x}}}dx</math> converges.
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[https://youtu.be/6fVgBQMvVJY Improper Integral Example 2 PART 2/2 ] by Krista King
 
[https://youtu.be/6fVgBQMvVJY Improper Integral Example 2 PART 2/2 ] by Krista King
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 +
==Licensing==
 +
Content obtained and/or adapted from:
 +
* [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Calculus/Improper_Integrals Improper Integrals, Wikibooks: Calculus] under a CC BY-SA license

Latest revision as of 11:11, 29 October 2021

The definition of a definite integral:

requires the interval be finite. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus requires that be continuous on . In this section, you will be studying a method of evaluating integrals that fail these requirements—either because their limits of integration are infinite, or because a finite number of discontinuities exist on the interval . Integrals that fail either of these requirements are improper integrals. (If you are not familiar with L'Hôpital's rule, it is a good idea to review it before reading this section.)

Improper Integrals with Infinite Limits of Integration

Consider the integral

Assigning a finite upper bound in place of infinity gives

This improper integral can be interpreted as the area of the unbounded region between , (the -axis), and .

Definition

1. Suppose exists for all . Then we define

, as long as this limit exists and is finite.

If it does exist we say the integral is convergent and otherwise we say it is divergent.

2. Similarly if exists for all we define

3. Finally suppose is a fixed real number and that and are both convergent. Then we define

Example: Convergent Improper Integral

We claim that

To do this we calculate

Example: Divergent Improper Integral

We claim that the integral

diverges.

This follows as

Therefore

diverges.

Example: Improper Integral

Find .

To calculate the integral use integration by parts twice to get

Now and because exponentials overpower polynomials, we see that and as well. Hence,

Example: Powers

Show

If then

Notice that we had to assume that to avoid dividing by 0. However the case was done in a previous example.

Improper Integrals with a Finite Number Discontinuities

First we give a definition for the integral of functions which have a discontinuity at one point.

Definition of improper integrals with a single discontinuity

If is continuous on the interval and is discontinuous at , we define

If the limit in question exists we say the integral converges and otherwise we say it diverges.

Similarly if is continuous on the interval and is discontinuous at , we define

Finally suppose has an discontinuity at a point and is continuous at all other points in . If and converge we define

=

Example 1

Show

If then

Notice that we had to assume that do avoid dividing by 0. So instead we do the case separately,

which diverges.

Example 2

The integral is improper because the integrand is not continuous at . However had we not noticed that we might have been tempted to apply the fundamental theorem of calculus and conclude that it equals

which is not correct. In fact the integral diverges since

and and both diverge.

We can also give a definition of the integral of a function with a finite number of discontinuities.

Definition: Improper integrals with finite number of discontinuities

Suppose is continuous on except at points in . We define as long as each integral on the right converges.

Notice that by combining this definition with the definition for improper integrals with infinite endpoints, we can define the integral of a function with a finite number of discontinuities with one or more infinite endpoints.

Comparison Test

There are integrals which cannot easily be evaluated. However it may still be possible to show they are convergent by comparing them to an integral we already know converges.

Theorem (Comparison Test) Let be continuous functions defined for all .

  1. Suppose for all . Then if converges so does .
  2. Suppose for all . Then if diverges so does .

A similar theorem holds for improper integrals of the form and for improper integrals with discontinuities.

Example: Use of comparsion test to show convergence

Show that converges.

For all we know that so . This implies that

.

We have seen that converges. So putting and into the comparison test we get that the integral converges as well.

Example: Use of Comparsion Test to show divergence

Show that diverges.

Just as in the previous example we know that for all . Thus

We have seen that diverges. So putting and into the comparison test we get that diverges as well.

An extension of the comparison theorem

To apply the comparison theorem you do not really need for all . What we actually need is this inequality holds for sufficiently large (i.e. there is a number such that for all ). For then

so the first integral converges if and only if third does, and we can apply the comparison theorem to the piece.


Example

Show that converges.

The reason that this integral converges is because for large the factor in the integrand is dominant. We could try comparing with , but as , the inequality

is the wrong way around to show convergence.

Instead we rewrite the integrand as .

Since the limit we know that for sufficiently large we have . So for large ,

Since the integral converges the comparison test tells us that converges as well.


Resources

Improper Integrals by James Sousa

Ex 1: Improper Integral - Infinite Interval (-inf,+inf) by James Sousa

Ex 2: Improper Integral - Infinite Interval (-inf, constant) by James Sousa

Ex 3: Improper Integral - Infinite Interval (-inf,+inf) by James Sousa

Improper Integral - Basic Idea and Example by patrickJMT

Improper Integral - More Complicated Example by patrickJMT

Improper Integral - Infinity in Upper and Lower Limits by patrickJMT

What makes an integral improper? by Krista King

What makes an integral improper? by Krista King

Improper Integrals by Krista King

Improper Integral Example 2 PART 1/2 by Krista King

Improper Integral Example 2 PART 2/2 by Krista King

Licensing

Content obtained and/or adapted from: